By Lina Stahl
Lina Stahl of the German Federal Office of Civil Protection and Disaster Assistance (BBK) introduces their project to support Ukrainian authorities in bolstering their defenses against CBRN threats.
Since the eruption of conflict in 2014, Ukraine has faced profound challenges exacerbated by the full-scale invasion of Russian forces in 2022. The conflict’s epicenter, particularly in eastern regions, is dotted with chemical plants, increasing the possibility of hazardous substance leaks, terrorist activities, and illicit exports for weapon production. In response to these escalating risks, Ukraine turned to the G7 initiative “Global Partnership against the Proliferation of Weapons and Materials of Mass Destruction” for support.
Recognizing the urgency of the situation, international collaboration became paramount in addressing CBRN hazards and fortifying Ukraine’s civil protection infrastructure. In answer to this call, the German Federal Foreign Office initiated a project in 2016 and mandated the Federal Office of Civil Protection and Disaster Assistance (BBK) – which is the leading civil protection authority in Germany – with the operational execution. The respective International Affairs Division facilitates partnerships with other countries and international organizations, and exchanges expertise and best practices through international projects.
The State Border Guard Service and State Emergency Service of Ukraine
BBK project activities were conducted in Ukraine before the full-scale invasion in 2022, however, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, these activities transitioned to online trainings and are now conducted on-site in Germany. Still, the project aims to support Ukrainian authorities, particularly the State Border Guard Service (SBGS) and the State Emergency Service (SES), in CBRN protection.
The SES is responsible for responding to emergencies and disasters within the country, playing a crucial role in search and rescue operations, firefighting, and CBRN protection. The SES coordinates disaster response efforts and conducts preventive measures to mitigate risks and enhance public safety. Meanwhile, the SBGS is tasked with protecting the country’s borders, ensuring border security, and preventing illegal crossings and activities. It plays a vital role in safeguarding Ukraine’s territorial integrity and national security by monitoring and controlling the movement of people and CBRN weapons across its borders. Beyond bolstering Ukraine’s CBRN defense, this project enhances civil protection and safety across the European region by aligning with broader global security goals to mitigate weapons proliferation risks.
Cutting-Edge Equipment Provision and Tailored Training Regimes
At its core, the project emphasizes cutting-edge equipment provision and tailored training regimes. Expert-led CBRN sessions at the Federal Academy of Civil Protection and Civil Defence (BABZ) in Germany immerse Ukrainian partners in intensive learning experiences tailored to their specific needs. From scenario-based exercises to hands-on workshops, the project ensures a holistic training approach, fostering a culture of continuous support within Ukraine’s civil protection apparatus. The trainings, which come in a variety of training formats, were conducted in 2023 by project staff, with additional involvement from CBRN specialists from the BABZ. External CBRN specialists and the German Armed Forces’ CBRN defense command were also engaged to ensure comprehensive training.
For instance, during a training course focused on countering chemical threats in October 2023, participants enhanced their skills in using personal protective equipment provided as part of the project. Participants were also trained in the use of protective masks and hand-held chemical detectors, with instruction provided by CBRN specialists. Additionally, study visits were included to foster mutual exchange and cooperation and to strengthen collaborative ties. In the subsequent event held in December, participants received training on CBRN sampling. Ukrainian task forces expressed particular interest in chemical and radiological sampling techniques, and in tactical procedures within a CBRN sampling team. The BBK and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) jointly organized the translation of the CBRN Emergency Sampling Handbook from German to Ukrainian for use with the sampling backpacks. The handbooks were then printed and distributed in Ukraine.
During the course, participants used these handbooks containing instructions and standard operating procedures for emergency sampling. Subsequently, two representatives from the CBRN project team at the OSCE office in Ukraine augmented the training sessions, facilitating valuable exchanges of ideas and expertise. Collaboration between the OSCE and BBK has been pivotal in advancing information exchange, best practices, and expertise in CBRN defense. Exchanges have facilitated the sharing of critical knowledge and methodologies, thereby aiding the development of standardized procedures and enhancing the effectiveness of CBRN units. This cooperation has enabled practical exchanges and the integration of diverse approaches.
Trainings and Seminars
Moreover, participation in seminars such as discussions on the European Union Civil Protection Mechanism (UCPM) facilitates knowledge exchange with BBK single points of contact and enriches civil protection strategies. During the UCPM seminar, Ukrainian counterparts immersed themselves in the intricacies of the UCPM and engaged with international experts.
The seminar also includes a visit to the BBK’s in-house Joint Information and Situation Center, which has coordinated a total of €228 million (US$245 million) in aid since the beginning of the war. Here, partners gain invaluable insights into the cloverleaf mechanism, a decisive component facilitating the transfer of critically injured patients from Ukraine to Germany. The seminar’s latter half is equally enlightening, featuring seasoned professionals from the BBK as well as the Federal Agency of Technical Relief (THW) sharing their wealth of mission experiences. Additionally, the Ukrainian delegation embarks on a journey to the THW local association, fostering exchanges with their counterparts and gaining a deeper understanding of the use of special equipment.
These immersive encounters and knowledge transfers are catalyzing Ukrainian partners’ proficiency in confronting CBRN incidents, epitomizing the joint commitment to fortifying community safety both within Ukraine and beyond. Moreover, the mutual collaboration between the THW and BBK in supporting Ukrainian authorities’ CBRN defense underscores the value placed on this project, as it strengthens professional ties and significantly contributes to regional security and preparedness.
Current Project Activities
In a concerted effort to enhance the understanding and capabilities of CBRN defense, the BBK supports Ukrainian participation at exhibitions and trainings, such as this year’s NCT Europe event in Croatia. This unique international collaboration and networking platform showcases the latest advancements in CBRN technology and response strategies. The Ukrainian delegation’s involvement added a layer of depth to the event, fostering an environment of mutual learning and cooperation. Moreover, the event emphasized the importance of international collaboration in CBRN defense.
This year, a series of project activities are planned to enhance the capabilities and collaboration in countering CBRN threats. An expert exchange workshop will bring together specialists from Ukrainian partners and the BBK to facilitate the exchange of knowledge and best practices regarding CBRN threats. Additionally, a UCPM seminar will be organized along with courses on using CBRN protection equipment at the BABZ. These activities aim to strengthen the expertise and readiness of all participants in addressing CBRN-related challenges.
The BBK’s initiative significantly contributes to safeguarding citizens and reinforcing Ukraine’s resilience against CBRN hazards. By supporting Ukrainian authorities with essential tools and experience, the project is key to fostering stability in Europe. The project’s collaborative efforts assist Ukrainian partners in effectively navigating the complex and evolving challenges posed by CBRN incidents, thereby helping to ensure the safety of their communities.
Unwavering Commitment and Solidarity
In navigating the complexities of conflict, the BBK has emerged as a reliable actor that addresses the urgent civil protection needs arising from the war in Ukraine. Recognizing the multifaceted nature of the challenges, the Federal Office has emphasized the crucial importance of proactive intervention and steadfast support in civil protection efforts, reaffirmed its commitment to stand in solidarity with Ukraine, and bolstered civil protection capacities against a spectrum of hazards, including those posed by CBRN threats.
These coordinated efforts underscore a shared dedication to fostering stability, resilience, and humanitarian aid amidst adversity. Drawing on insights from initiatives like the BBK-led project, stakeholders can map out a forward-looking path characterized by increased cooperation and capacity-building on both sides. The need for sustained support and a call to action are paramount, as cooperation and capacity-building not only ensure the safety and security of Ukraine, but also have far-reaching implications for the broader stability of Europe.
The BBK deeply appreciates and honors Ukraine’s perseverance and efforts to work towards freedom, democracy, and stability. Through unwavering commitment and solidarity, we can work towards a future where the safety and well-being of all citizens are protected from the complexities of conflict and CBRN hazards.
Lina Stahl works for the Federal Office of Civil Protection and Disaster Assistance in Germany. She is part of the international affairs division, concentrating on project work in Ukraine. Previously, she worked for the International Military Staff at NATO, focusing on crisis management and policy work in training and exercise planning and evaluation. Besides, she runs a non-profit horsemanship program, working with active-duty military, veterans, and rescuers suffering from PTSD, TBI, or other trauma in North-Rhine Westphalia, Germany.
